Ear canal deformation-based user identification system using ear wearables (earables). Earables include three types: headphones, earbuds, and earphones, which are over-ear, on-ear, and in-ear listening devices. When wearing, the identification process is triggered on-demand or continuously depending on the application. This provides continuous and passive user identification by ear canal deformation that combines the static geometry and dynamic motions of the ear canal when a user is speaking. Acoustic sensing captures canal deformation, and extensive experiments show that it achieves high identification accuracy and works well in noisy environments.
