Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for inducing, promoting, or enhancing an immune response in a subject. For example, the disclosed compositions and methods can be used prophylactically to prevent viral/microbial infections or therapeutically to treat acute infections. In some embodiments, the disclosed method involves administering to the subject a composition comprising in vitro transcribed (IVT) RNA comprising short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), such as Alu repeats. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions and methods can be used to induce, promote, or enhance any immune response in a subject, including an anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, or anti-parasite response. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions can be administered to any mucosa! barrier, such as lungs or intestines, e.g. to enhance an innate immune response against a virus or pathogen.Retrotransposons comprise ~45% of human genome which ~11% comprise the short interspersed elements(SINEs).The invention discusses the methods for inducing, promotingor enhancing an immune response in a subject by administering to the subject a composition comprising in vitrotranscribed(IVT) RNA comprising SINEs. This patented invention claimsSINESs and/orantisense SINEsIncrease interferontype IIIwhich has anti viral activities and canconfer antiviral activity by inhibiting viral entry. SINEsand/or antisense SINEs induce innate immune response. SINEs and/or antisense SINEs form siRNA that target viral,bacterial,fungal and parasite’s genomefor degradation and/or inhibit translation/replication. These in vitrotranscribed SINEs maybe used in future vaccines against viral,microbial, fungaland parasites.
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